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The Role Of Proteins Of A Cell Range From Structural,...

The DNA encodes specific characteristics of an organism which breaks down into genes. The genes goes through a transcription process. Transcription is where the language of the body s building blocks is transcribed from DNA to RNA and the body will recognize it so it can carry out the next process. Translation of the information collected from RNA is the next step. The information collected is transported to the protein. Certain proteins play specific roles so the body synthesizes the right protein for the specific job at certain time. Production of proteins is one of the most significant processes taking place in the cell. The role of proteins in a cell range from structural, enzymatic and hormonal functions. DNA is responsible for†¦show more content†¦The double spiral of DNA unwinds and unzips in such a way to release the instructions located for the given protein. Consequently, the instructions are carried out of the nucleus to the ribosomes. This point of location of the DNA molecule is called a gene. Genes act as a pattern for another type of nucleic acid called RNA. Instead of a thymine as in DNA, each adenine of the unzipped DNA attracts a uracil, U. The other bases follow the same pattern as in DNA i.e., G, T, and C attract the same partners C, A and G. The single chain of nucleotides which is newly formed is called messenger RNA and its formation is called as transcription. mRNA carries an exact duplicate of the information recorded in the DNA and leaves the nucleus with the instructions. The mRNA molecules are attracted to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Another smaller kind of RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA.) also is there in the cytoplasm. Only one kind of amino acid can be attached to one end of a tRNA molecule while the other end carries a distinctive tag to identify it. The strand of mRNA lines up at the ribosome and the base pairs are attracted to their partners again. The attraction between the mRNA and the tRNA compliments each other. A triplet sequence of mRNA transcript codes for a specific amino acid and the sequence is called a codon. A corresponding triplet sequence on the transfer RNA (tRNA) called as

Narcissism Essay Thesis Example For Students

Narcissism Essay Thesis In the analysis of an individual there are three primary methods employed in order to successfully assess and repair his condition- biological, cognitive, and psychoanalytic theory. In the case of narcissism, only the psychoanalytic approach will suffice to structurally repair rather than suppress manifest symptoms of the unfulfilled self. Narcissists must learn to address the needs of their childhood that have not have been satisfied and acknowledge them as the root of their grandiose actions, a facade for their inner sense of shame and insecurity (Kohut, 1978, p. 423). In the case of Mr. Z, he underwent two analyses with a five-year grace period in between, the first analysis unsuccessful in structurally curing his masochistic propensities as they merely shifted to another facet of his life (Kohut, 1979, p.10). This lack of structural change went unnoticed during the first analysis, and was only revealed through examination of the patients root of disturbance during the second anal ysis. The agent that assisted the discovery was the change in approach by the analyst within the realm of psychoanalysis, that is the shift from a focus in analysis based upon classical-dynamic structural terms to that of the psychology of the self in the narrow sense. (Kohut, 1979, p. 26). Through observation of symptoms and examination of life occurrences, it is clear that Mr. Z exhibits the characteristics of narcissism. He has a mother that relied upon him as her self-object throughout his childhood and into his early adult years. This provided conflict in that Mr. Z needed his mother as his own self-object, and due to her selfish role-reversal, he did not receive the mirroring necessary to develop a healthy, strong self-structure. Self-objects mirror an individual, confirming ones inner sense of greatness and perfection, provide a figure for idealization, and relate a twinship for one to identify interests and talents with, also known as an alterego (Kohut, 1978, p. 414). Mr. Zs mother played all of these roles in his life because his father left when Mr. Z was young. One found him absent of a man with whom he could idealize and identify; hence he was incapable of asserting his masculinity. Mr. Zs mother was of a pathological state and intermeshed her disturbance w ithin the relationship with her son (Kohut, 1979, p. 13). Faulty interaction between the child and his self-objects result in a damaged self. (Kohut, 1978, p. 414) This abused child developed a perspective that conformed to that of his unstable self-object, rather than creating an independent center of initiative. This led to number of narcissistic preoccupations including a focus upon his productions, masochistic fantasies, defensiveness and denial, and an arrogance of demandingness (Kohut, 1979, p. 14). The ultimate comprehension of the disturbances of Mr. Z can be attributed to the analysts realization of the true foundations of the patients symptoms. Once this realization occurred, his perspective changed in that he was able to perceive the significance of unmet essential needs as the reason for disturbances. In addition, he acknowledged that Mr. Zs self-structure could only be repaired through time and by a more patient and understanding demeanor on behalf of the analyst (Kohut, 1979, p.12). In the first analysis, the analyst merely tolerated Mr. Zs defensive behavior and progressively sought to oppose it, however in the second he perceived it as a transference of childhood feelings that resurfaced in therapy (Kohut, 1979, p. 12). Mr. Z had unintentionally witnessed sex between his parents at an early age and associated it with aggressiveness as his memories sequenced it following verbal battles between them. Defenses accompanying this obviously disturbing encounter include acts of grandiosity and overconfidence due to a supposed illusionistic oedipal victory (Kohut, 1979, p 26). Mr. Z was convinced that he had won because the father left; his success had achieved the power of sole possessor of his mother. However, the removal of his father soon led to Mr. Zs mother engaging in extramarital affairs. Due to the nature of the boys position as her sole male possessor, these other men introduced a threat to his security; therefore, the therapist saw the patients defensiveness as a mechanism that shielded him against these rivals. Where the analyst went too far, discovered in the second analysis, was his assertion that the mechanism was being used against sexual rivals again in the oedipal sense, and additionally against fear of castration brought upon by awareness of his own competitive feelings towards the rivals, including his father (Kohut, 1979, p. 6). The castration anxiety, however, was no longer an oedipal victory but a defeat, for Mr. Z did not remain h is mothers sole possessor; hence his anxiety was accompanied by depression. WW IJuly28,1914, declarationofwar Austria-Hungary EssayTransference naturally followed in the patients effort to recover self-objects. Unfortunately, they went unnoticed during the first analysis due to the classical methods employed by the analyst. He saw material in terms of infantile drives and conflicts about them rather than the absence of self-objects, primarily a father figure. Idealization followed by twinship attempts arose as a result of a boy absent of an alterego self-object-namely his father. Once he began to solve the mystery of this man, through interaction with him and observation of him, he was able to see a strong individual. His father was independent and capable of existence without the mother (Kohut, 1979, p. 21). This realization ultimately enabled Mr. Z to begin to stand on his own and develop a strong sense of self. Psychologists tend to focus on one area of psychological diagnosis, such as psychoanalysis, and throughout the development of the patient-analys t relationship, one becomes able to find the root of existing problems. Whether a child or adult is in a state of security, anxiety, or distress is determined in large part by the accessibility and responsiveness of his principal attachment figure. (Bowlby, 1973, p. 43) Initially the analyst possessed an insensitive notion that the patient merely needed to grow-up and relinquish his narcissistic demands being that he possessed an independent center of initiative (Kohut, 1979, p. 12). Once it was acknowledged that Mr. Z was without this important facet of self-structure, the analyst was able to work through issues in order to abet the repair of Mr. Zs narcissistic self. The employment of the psychology of the self in the second analysis led to a focus upon the importance of the self and to relations with others in the environment (Luti, personal communication). All in all, this allowed Mr. Z to discover the reason for his disturbance and learn to lead a happy and healthy life. BibliographyBibliographyBowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss: Separation. Vol. 2, reprinted, London: Pimlico, 1998. p. 43Kohut, H. (1978). The Disorders of the Self and Their Treatment. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, vol. 59, p. 413-425 Kohut, H. (1979). The Two Analyses of Mr. Z. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, vol. 60, p. 3-27McWilliams, Nancy. (1994). Psychoanalytic Diagnosis. New York, Guilford Press, p. 174Psychology Essays